Martin Luther

Martin Luther was born in 1483 in Eisleben, Germany. His father owned a copper mine in nearby Mansfeld. Being raised from the peasantry, his father was determined to see his son ascend to civil service and bring honor to the family. On Halloween of 1517, Luther changed the course of human history when he nailed his 95 Theses to the church door at Wittenberg. He accused the Roman Catholic church of heresy upon heresy.

Martin Luther was the first person to translate and publish the Bible in the commonly-spoken dialect of the German people. 

Sources:
 http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/Martin_Luther0.htm
http://www.greatsite.com/timeline-english-bible-history/martin-luther.html

Renaissance and Reformation

Secular- Not having to do with religion

Florence- city in Italy

Machiavelli- He was an artist

Frescoe- style of painting done with fresh wet plaster

Donatello- sculpture from Florence

Botticelli- designed the church of San Lorenzo

da Vinci- painted the Mona Lisa, he was a painter

Desiderius Erasmus-best known christian humanist

salvation- acceptance into Heaven

indulgence- a release from all or part of a punishment for sin

Lutheranism- major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the theology of Martin Luther

Huldrych Zwingli- was a leader of the Reformation in Switzerland 

Calvinism- justification by faith alone and emphasizes the grace of God 

Aztec Clothing

Who made the clothing? 
The women would weave the fibers into clothing, a task girls were taught as young teenagers.

Where did they get their fibers for the clothes? 
They got fibers from the maguey cactus and then wove the fibers into the clothing. They grew their own cotton.

When did they wear clothes?
At the age of 3 they would start to wear clothing. Before that they wouldn't wear clothes.

How was the clothing made? 
They would make clothes from cotton or ayate fibers which is derived from the maguey cactus.

Why did they wear a little amount of clothing?
Because it was hot in Mexico. 

What did the upper class people wear?
They would wear head dresses with symbols on them with their particular affiliation. They would also wear jewelry such as necklaces, earrings and bracelets.

Rise of the Mongols

Genghis Khan was a very important Mongol khan. He was very loyal to his army. If you treated him with respect, he would treat you the same way. He became so powerful because he united the nomadic tribes. Then after he did that he started the Mongol invasions, which led to him conquering most of Eurasia. The Mongols had very many tactics and strategies. One of the tactics was throw-into-disorder tactic. If the enemy was strong on the battlefield or sheltering in a fort they would herd oxen and wild horses towards the enemy lines to confuse them.

Each Mongol soldier typically maintained 3 or 4 horses. Changing horses often allowed them to travel at high speed for days without stopping or wearing out the animals. The Mongols used siege machines. These machines were an important part of Genghis Khan's warfare, especially when attacking fortified cities. During a siege, the Mongols would gather a group of local residents or soldiers surrendered from previous battles, and would make them go forward first in the battles. This would help the Mongol warriors stay more safe. This was called the Kharash. The Mongols were very smart when it came to technology.

The geography of the Steppe provided important routes for travel and trade. The flat, grassy lands provided a route between Asia and Europe. Living on the Steppe, it was priority to be tough and rugged people to survive; they started to learn around ages 2 or 3 to use a bow and arrow to hunt and kill. The Mongols survived by living a nomadic lifestyle- never staying completely dormant and moving around a lot. They lived in Yurts which they could pack up efficiently and move along to the next area. This is why they were able to conquer so much land. They would rely on their animals. Drinking their blood, milk, and eating their meat are some examples of how they relied on them. The Steppe provided the grassy plains for the animals to graze. The Steppe was very important to the Mongols and caused them to become adaptable to changing conditions. 

Middle Ages

4.1
Byzantine Empire- 
Franks- They are from France
Vikings- Strong, good boats, angry
Muslims- They are from Islam
(score:1)

4.2

Low, Medium, High

(Score: lower than 1)

4.3

Holy Ransacking 

(Score: lower than 1)

Caligula

Caligula was a member of the house of rulers conventionally known as the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Entered Rome the 28th of March. 37-41 AD is when he ruled the Julio-Claudian dynasty.

Caligula was born in Antium the 3rd of 6 surviving children born to Germanicus. His brothers are Nero and Drusus and his sisters were Agrippina the younger, Julia Drusilla and Julia Livilla.

Improved the harbors of Rhenium and Sicily there by allowing grain imports from Egypt to increase. These improvements may have been made in response to the famine. Completed the Temple of Augustus and the Theater of Pompey.

In early 41 AD Caligula became the first Roman emperor to be assassinated. Eventually successful murder was planned by officers within the Praetorian Guard led by Cassius Chaerea.

At Syracuse he repaired the city walls and the temples of the gods. He had new roads built and pushed to keep roads in good conditions.

Spartacus

1. WHO was Spartacus? One of the slave leaders in the Third Servile War, once was a Thracian gladiator.  
2. WHAT did he do? He started a revolt.
3. WHY did he do it? To try to leave Italy.
4. WHEN did it happen? Born around 100 BC. The revolt was during 73- 71 BC
5. WHERE did it happen? Thrace, Capua, Pompeii, Sicily
6. HOW did it end? Spartacus died in the battle along with nearly all of his army. They were killed, crucified, or re-enslaved. 
7. WAS HE A HERO OR A VILLAIN? He was a hero towards the slaves that he brought to freedom. 

Unification of Italy

1. Who was Rome's enemy? (Describe the group of people and important leaders) Etruscans, Greeks, Samnites, Latin, Pyrrhic 
2. Why did it start? Because the enemies sought out to Rome protection from the powerful neighbors. The Samnites and Rome were already in an alliance so Rome said no to protecting the others and then the Samnites attacked and the first Samnites war began. 
3. Where and when did the wars take place? The First Samnite War was in 343- 341 BCE in the territory of Campania. The Latin War was in 340-338 BCE in the Western Coast of Central Italy. The Second Samnite War was in 326-304 BCE in the Western Coast of Italy. The Third Samnite War was in 298-290 BCE in the Lucanians territory. The Pyrrhic War was in 280-275 BCE
4. How was geography a factor?
5. What key events took place? (2-3)
6. How was technology a factor?
7. What tactics or strategies were used?
8. How did the end result impact both sides?

PP

Roman Government from lizzibeee

From Monarchy to Republic

What is a republic, and when, how, and why did Rome turn into one?

A republic is a form a government that is a public matter, it wasn't kept a secret. Rome became a republic in 509 BC when Sextus, the King Superbus's son, had raped Lucretia. Brutus, Collatinus, and Valerius had brought Lucretia's body for the whole city to see. Brutus and Collatinus became the rulers and thats how it became a republic. 

In the Beginning

When, where, and how was Rome founded?
When- Rome was founded in 753 BC
Where- Rome was founded when the legend of how Romulus and Remus came to be
How- Romulus created a city that had all different types of people to live there. The men needed women to marry, but there were none that lived there.

Geography of Rome

Why would Rome have been a good place to found a city?
It would be a good place to find because it had hills that are good for defending and farming.
Why would the Italian Peninsula have been a good place to start an empire?
Because you can use the sea to trade foods.

Rome Pretest

This is what I will learn about!

3.1 - Differentiate Roman Republic from Roman Empire

3.2 - Explain past and present impacts of Roman culture

3.3 - Analyze factors in collapse of Western Roman Empire

My personal learning goal is to learn how the Roman religion was. 

1. When, where and how was Rome founded? 753 B.C. found by people, in rome 
2. How was the government of the Roman Republic organized?Democracy 
3. When and how did the Republic turn into an Empire? When Caesar died
4. How was the government of the Empire organized?After each death a new person came to office
5. When, where, why, and how did the Romans expand? By defeating people 
6. What are Rome's greatest architectural and technological developments?
7. What was important in Roman culture? Religion 
8. Who were important Roman leaders? Caesar, Agustous 
9. What caused the collapse of the Roman Empire? a fire
10. How did Rome alter history?
11. How does Rome affect us today?
12. What lessons can be learned from Roman history?

Greek Persian War

In 499 BC, a great war began between Greek city states and the Persian Empire, ruled by Darius. Ionian Greek city states revolted against Persian rule, and Athens supported them. This caused King Darius to invade Greece in 490 BC, after putting down the earlier Ionian revolt. First, the Greeks defeated the Persians at Marathon. Then, Greeks forces, led by Spartans and King Leonidas defended the pass at Thermopylae against the onslaught brought by King Xerxes. They battled a much larger Persian army bravely but ultimately were wiped out. The Persians then sacked and burned Athens, and went on to fight the Greeks at the strait of Salamis. The Athenian navy tricked the persians to fight in the narrow strait, where they were routed by Greek warships that smashed and sunk them. Finally, Greeks ended the war by defeating Persians at Plataea.